• To pass the employer's screening process (requisite educational level, number years' experience, etc.), to give basic facts which might favorably influence the employer (companies worked for, political affiliations, racial minority, etc.). To provide contact information: an up-to-date address and a telephone number (a telephone number which will always be answered during business hours).
• To establish you as a professional person with high standards and excellent writing skills, based on the fact that the resume is so well done (clear, well-organized, well-written, well-designed, of the highest professional grades of printing and paper). For persons in the art, advertising, marketing, or writing professions, the resume can serve as a sample of their skills.
• To give to potential employers, to give to your job-hunting contacts and professional references, to provide background information, to give out in "informational interviews" with the request for a critique (a concrete creative way to cultivate the support of this new person), to send a contact as an excuse for follow-up contact, and to keep in your briefcase to give to people you meet casually - as another form of "business card".
• As a covering piece or addendum to another form of job application, as part of a grant or contract proposal, as an accompaniment to graduate school or other application.
• As a formality for an employer's personnel files.
• As a means of helping you in the process of clarifying direction, qualifications, and strengths, as a means of boosting confidence, as a positive way of starting the commitment to a job or career change.

Selecting your resume format is a major strategic decision. Real and compelling differences characterize the two most common formats, which have impact on the receptivity employers have to your initiatives. No universally "right" format is appropriate for all people. Your review of your own objective and background will be your most effective guide to selecting the best format for you.

Your employment record is the primary organizing principle for this format, a job-by-job historical narrative of your work effectiveness.

Merits:

This format accentuates your formal qualifications for the work you are seeking. Appropriate for directly qualified candidates with linear progression paths, it showcases the track record of clearly pertinent, often increasingly responsible experiences. Seasoned judgment in grappling with job challenges is emphasized. Recruiters and some hiring managers are accustomed to, and often prefer, a traditional format. Many find it familiar, straightforward and easy to use when making preliminary decisions of inclusion and exclusion.

Drawbacks:

For candidates who are starting or changing a career, this format emphasizes the lack of direct, in-depth experience in the targeted career area. It underscores past identity rather than future potential. Gaps in employment, conspicuously brief or long affiliations, and time periods elapsed since certain qualifying experiences are spotlighted. Rather than accenting accomplishments on the job, it lends itself to a somewhat dry, repetitive recitation of job responsibilities.

Criteria for Use:

The chronological format is particularly effective for people with clear-cut qualifications, who are continuing or advancing in a particular career direction. It is acceptable for other, less overtly qualified people. This format can be productive if you cite relevant skills and tasks that support your objective within the job-by-job description.

Your key skills, knowledge and related accomplishments are the primary organizing principles of this format, citing relevant examples of effectiveness as proof and prediction of your ability to contribute.

Merits:

This format provides an opportunity to establish the transferability of skills and accomplishments for candidates who are starting or changing a career. Grouping these items in self-contained categories builds a case for your ability to function in a new situation. The conventional resume format dilutes or contradicts this talent. Not limited to paid employment, you can give status to qualifying experience from every area of life. This format widens the scope of informal experiences supportive of your career objective, including special projects, internships, community service and relevant leisure pursuits. It eliminates distinctions that discount their importance.

Drawbacks:

For directly qualified candidates with a linear progression path, this format challenges the standard presentation of personal strengths. Executive recruiters and other employment professionals prefer a job-by-job description to trace with clarity exactly what has been done, for whom, where and when. Some employers assume that this format hides background information of importance. In a purely functional resume, key time/space anchors that employers expect are not given. This information can be essential to credibility.

Criteria for Use:

The functional format is particularly effective and highly recommended for people without direct experience in the area of their career objective. Since it accents skills and achievements, it is effective and often desired by people who are well established in a career.

The combination format recognizes the inherent drawbacks of both the chronological and functional formats used in their pure forms.

• The pure chronological resume is too mundane, a bland work autobiography. It is descriptive, but tends not to be persuasive about personal qualifications.
• The pure functional resume is too free-floating and reads like a set of assertions about abilities, unlinked to verifiable sources of confirmation.
• Whether you prefer the chronological or functional format, the most effective resume blends the best elements of each.

This format retains the structure of a job-by-job delineation of experience and emphasizes accomplishments, the hallmark of the functional resume.

This format retains the structure of key skills, knowledge and accomplishments, incorporating a distilled EXPERIENCE section, which denotes career-related time/space anchors, the hallmark of the chronological resume.

All References to Resumes in This Guide Assume a Combination Format: Chronological-combination resumes and functional-combination resumes will be referred to simply as chronological and functional resumes.

After deciding on the appropriate format, the way to organize the information is equally as important. Below are some guidelines to assist you in creating the best resume.

I. A GREAT RESUME HAS FIVE ESSENTIAL PARTS:

A. A clearly stated JOB OBJECTIVE.
B. The HIGHLIGHTS OF QUALIFICATIONS.
C. A presentation of directly RELEVANT SKILLS and EXPERIENCE.
D. A chronological WORK HISTORY.
E. A listing of relevant EDUCATION and TRAINING.

A. Work History - Create a "Work History Master List," keeping in mind that not everything on your "Master List" will necessarily appear on THIS version of your resume. For paid and volunteer jobs or positions, list the dates started and ended, your job title, and the name and city of the company or organization. Put these jobs in chronological order.

B. Education and Training - Create an "Education and Training Master List," this time including :
1. Schools you attended, with dates, degrees honors.
2. Personal study in your field (classes, workshops, and other informal ways you have learned).
3. Any other credentials or certificates.

C. Job Objective - Compose a clearly stated Job Objective, using a minimum number of words. Ask yourself these questions:
1. WHAT do I want to do?
2. FOR WHOM or WITH WHOM do I want to do it?
3. WHERE do I want to do it?
4. AT WHAT LEVEL OF RESPONSIBILITY?

D. Relevant Skills And Experience - What you want to create - contrary to everything you've heard in the past about resumes - is a word picture of you in your proposed new job, created out the best of your past experience. Steps include:
1. So first, get out your Job Objective and ask yourself what are the five or six major skills required for that job.
2. Get out a sheet of paper for each of those skills or special knowledge areas, and label each page.
3. Then ask yourself, "When did I use those same skills in the past?"
4. Under each of the skills listed, begin to write action-oriented "One- Liner"
statements that clearly and concisely describe how you used or developed those skills in the past.
5. Then you can assemble the Relevant Skills and Experience section of your new-job resume by putting those five or six skills paragraphs together on one page.

E. The Highlights of Qualifications - The essential message of the highlights is two-fold:
1. First, that you are QUALIFIED - you have the experience, credentials, and basic skills needed for the job.
2. Second, that you are also ESPECIALLY TALENTED (perhaps even gifted) in the areas that really matter - in other words, for THIS job you're "hot".
3. A typical group of Highlights might include :
1. How much relevant experience you have.
2. What your formal training and credentials are, if relevant.
3. One significant accomplishment, very briefly stated.
4. One or two outstanding skills or abilities.
5. A reference to your values, commitment, or philosophy if appropriate.

A. Assemble the five parts of your resume - Job Objective, Highlights, Relevant Experience, Work History, Education - and type up a draft copy.

B. Omit anything personal and unrelated to your Job Objective (age, marital status, height/weight, hobbies).

C. Omit the details of less important past jobs that create an image you don't want to take with you.

D. Keep it to one page if you can.

E. If your resume is on two pages:
1. Present your "aces" on page one (job objective, skills, accomplishments).
2. Use page two for the work history and education.
3. Be sure to write "continued" on page one, and "page two" PLUS your full name on the second page.
4. Print it on two sheets of paper, and don't staple them together (the two pages can be placed side-by-side to view the whole resume at once).
PLEASE NOTE : For a more detailed account of constructing a resume according to the above process, consult the new edition of The Damn Good Resume Guide, by Yana Parker, (Ten Speed Press, 1989). Used by permission of the author.

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